Detailed explanation of the operating effect of the generator voltage electric chip

When studying the physical properties of quartz crystals, it is found that when a force is applied in certain directions along the wafer to deform the wafer, the two opposite surfaces on the wafer will appear an equal amount of positive and negative charges, and the charge areal density is related to the magnitude of the applied force, which is called piezoelectric phenomenon. The medium with piezoelectric phenomenon is piezoelectric gas.
In ionic crystals, positive and negative ions are regularly staggered to form a crystal lattice, forming an intrinsic electric moment, polarized charges appear on the crystal surface, because the crystal is exposed to air, after a period of time, these charges are neutralized by the heterogeneous ions in the air that fall on the crystal plane, therefore, the polarization surface charge and electric moment will not appear. But when the crystal undergoes mechanical deformation, the lattice changes. In this way, the electric moment changes and the surface polarization charge value also changes. As a result, there is a measurable increment of positive or negative charge on the surface, which is the piezoelectric effect charge.
In the absence of electric field, when the piezoelectric body is mechanically deformed by applying force in a certain direction, polarization occurs inside, and the opposite two surfaces will appear with abnormal charges, and the external force and end area are large, and there will be more charges. The sign of the end face charge depends on the external force. When the external force is removed, the phenomenon of returning to an uncharged state is called the positive piezoelectric effect. When the direction of the force changes, the polarity of the charge also changes. If two surfaces are electrodes attached and connected with wires, the varying free charge moves from one plate to the other, forming an electric current. Crystals with piezoelectric effects are called piezoelectric crystals.
When an electric field is applied in the polarization direction of the piezoelectric body, the piezoelectric body produces mechanical deformation or mechanical pressure in a certain direction, and when the external electric field is withdrawn, these deformations or pressures disappear with the phenomenon called the inverse piezoelectric effect. The inverse piezoelectric effect occurs because when the piezoelectric crystal is subjected to an electric field, a stress is generated inside the crystal, which is called piezoelectric stress, and a piezoelectric strain is generated through its action.
Therefore, the piezoelectric effect is caused by the relative displacement of charged particles caused by the deformation of the crystal under the action of mechanical force, so that the total electric moment of the crystal changes. Whether a crystal exhibits piezoelectric properties is determined by the arrangement of the atoms and ions that make up the crystal. Crystals with symmetrical centers cannot be piezoelectric. Any crystal with a positive piezoelectric effect must also have a reverse piezoelectric effect, and materials with piezoelectric effect are called piezoelectric materials.